A Brief History of Rugs and Carpets
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Rugs and carpets have a rich history, only part of which is
known. Ancient rugs are very rare because the earliest rugs were
made of organic fibers. Organic fibers disintegrate speedily
over time, thus preservation over thousands of years is
extremely rare. What we do know is that the art of weaving is
very old and dates back thousands of years.
Weaving began with rough, simple mats and baskets made of
grasses, reeds, leaves, and other natural materials. The first
true 'rugs' were probably rough cured skins used as floor
coverings in the homes of early hunters. With tough, flexible
backing and generally soft material (called 'pile'), these rugs
served to keep the home more warm and insulated.
There is evidence for weaving and the existence of rugs in
ancient Mesopotamia and Turkey as far back as 7000 and 8000
B.C.E., and in Egypt (wool and cotton) as early as the third
millennium B.C.E. Mongolia and China were
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also main players in
the textile industry, and nomadic herders and Chinese weavers
were among the first to develop and weave wool rugs.
Weaving developed in many other parts of the world in addition
to Europe, including parts of the Americas as far back as 5500
B.C.E. Weavers began to use natural colors and gradually
transitioned to using vegetable, flower, and insect materials.
Silk development in China, the ornate, intricate embroidery and
designs of Turkey and Mongolia, and the development of more
sophisticated looms and weaving techniques throughout the world
lifted rug-making from necessity to art form.
Italian merchants first brought oriental rugs to Europe, where
they were used as wall hangings and coverings. By 1600, France
had developed a dominant weaver's guild, and England wasn't far
behind. The 1700's marked England's emergence into the weaving
industry, and by about 1830, a good portion of
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the wool produced
in England was used for carpets.
Various machines were created to aid the process of weaving, and
looms have become so sophisticated today that they run off of
computer algorithms. Rugs were not widely available in the US
and Europe until the onset of mass production and the invention
of industrial grade machines.
The first steam-powered loom appeared in 1787, and by 1876, the
invention of the Axminster loom, a machine that permitted
unlimited use of color and design, boosted the production of
carpets. The advent of synthetic fibers and tufted carpet
(carpet manufactured by the insertion of tufts of yarn through a
carpet-backing fabric) made mass production and purchase of
carpets easier, faster, and less expensive.
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